英美法系中的电子鉴证

受保护而不得收集的信息包括：privileged, work product.

Under the law of the United States, civil discovery is wide-ranging and can involve any material which is relevant to the case except information which is privileged, information which is the work product of the opposing party, or certain kinds of expert opinions. (Criminal discovery rules may differ from those discussed here.) Electronic discovery or "e-discovery" is used when the material is stored on electronic media.



英美法系（判例法）的审判结果通常少意外（参照过往案例，而不是凭法官个人对法律条文的解读和理解）。其司法过程如下：1.收集事实；2.研究过往判例的宗旨，相似之处和判决条文，再用以考虑本案的证据。较高等级的法院判例和较新的案例具有更大的参考作用。

现有英美法系是判例法和成文法的混合。

First, one must ascertain the facts. Then, one must locate any relevant statutes and cases. Then one must extract the principles, analogies and statements by various courts of what they consider important to determine how the next court is likely to rule on the facts of the present case. Later decisions, and decisions of higher courts or legislatures carry more weight than earlier cases and those of lower courts.[14] Finally, one integrates all the lines drawn and reasons given, and determines what "the law is". Then, one applies that law to the facts.